Archive for May, 2008

中國總理的坦誠程度讓世人吃驚

英《泰晤士報》:中國總理的坦誠程度讓世人吃驚
2008年05月29日 15:34:35  來源:新華網
 
 
    新華網專稿:四川強地震後不久,中國總理溫家寶邀請了一些外國記者前往災區採訪,他在現場向記者們介紹:“過去,這是一處非常美麗的山谷,是熊貓生活的地方。”現在,背後的映秀中學成了一堆廢墟,教室嚴重傾斜,一層壓著一層。英國《泰晤士報》就此發表評論説:這樣的開放程度在中國是聞所未聞的;溫總理的坦誠程度讓世人吃驚。

    5月22日,中共中央政治局常委、國務院總理、國務院抗震救災總指揮部總指揮溫家寶來到四川北川縣城外的一塊高地上,察看這座在地震中遭受嚴重破壞的城鎮。準備離開時,他忽然轉過身,揮起右手和這座成為廢墟的縣城告別。隨後,他默默地環視縣城,神情凝重。新華社記者 姚大偉 攝

    這是中國這個新崛起的超級大國展現在世人面前的一張面孔,這張面孔正凝視著他上方的山坡。由于地震引發山體滑坡,森林遭到嚴重破壞,許多地方被泥土和石塊掩蓋。身處最接近震中的鎮子,他感受到了大自然的力量和身邊發生的這幕悲劇的可怕程度,並深受震撼。

    中國總理溫家寶所指的方向,被小山遮擋住的是一處公墓。映秀鎮原本人口在13000人左右,如今,地震中遇難的大約8600人就葬在這裏。

    這是他第二次來到地震破壞的現場,不過他的客人、聯合國秘書長潘基文是第一次來。溫家寶顯然決定將拘謹的外交禮節拋在一邊。

    這次,溫家寶做出了前所未有的舉動,他邀請了一些外國記者同行。一行人乘坐軍用直升機抵達災區,這樣的開放程度在中國聞所未聞。飛機上的空軍駕駛員驚訝不已。

    5月24日,中國國務院總理溫家寶和聯合國秘書長潘基文在四川汶川縣映秀鎮回答中外記者提問。 新華社記者姚大偉攝

    飛機降落在這處狹窄的山谷,幾分鐘後,總理就想舉行臨時記者招待會。通常,總理每年與如此眾多的外國媒體見一次面,在一年一度的兩會結束後。然而,自從中國現代最具破壞性的一次地震于5月12日襲擊了這處山區後,溫家寶處處讓人吃驚。

    他渴望與海外記者對話。總理對平時可以接觸到他的中國記者說:“讓外國記者問個問題。”為了答完問題,他甚至讓潘基文等了幾分鐘。

    他的回答也異乎尋常的坦誠。溫家寶向記者們透露,地震死亡人數現在已經增加到62000人,最終可能會高達8萬人,甚至更多。他說,中國現在面臨著三大挑戰:防止出現疫情,為500萬無家可歸的災民提供避難所,以及解決35處堰塞湖構成的險情。他說,決不能在這次大災之後,再出現一次重大的災難。

   5月23日,中共中央政治局常委、國務院總理、國務院抗震救災總指揮部總指揮溫家寶前往四川綿陽404醫院看望受傷群眾。這是溫家寶在監護室看望在地震中受傷的小朋友郎錚。 新華社記者姚大偉攝 

    溫家寶展現出的領導風格讓世界欽佩。

    他利用潘基文來訪的契機,表達了中國對國際社會給予的同情和援助的感激。他說:“這不只是中國人民的災害,也是全人類的災害。”他說中國會永遠堅持奉行透明政策。

   溫家寶穿著一件起皺的深藍色夾克,地震發生僅兩個小時後,他趕到災區時,穿的就是這件衣服。他表情嚴肅,皺著眉頭。正是這種關切的神情,讓他贏得了全國人民的支持,並且鼓舞、安慰著幸存者。 

    5月23日,中共中央政治局常委、國務院總理、國務院抗震救災總指揮部總指揮溫家寶來到在四川綿陽市區內設立的北川中學臨時學校和九洲體育館帳篷學校,看望在地震中幸存下來的師生。這是溫家寶走進九洲體育館帳篷學校,看望正在這裏上課的孩子們。一個小學生拿著一條紅領巾給溫家寶戴上。溫家寶說:“同學們,讓我們一起為遇難同胞行個禮吧。” 新華社記者姚大偉攝

    災區的所有人,哪怕是失去孩子的父母,或者是仍在尋找親人遺體的人,都在講著這樣的話:“溫總理給了我們希望。”(編輯:阿彭)

   彭博社:中國救災之快 令世界刮目

    地震發生後的幾個小時內,中國中央政府和地方政府、警察或軍隊以及被動員起來的民眾,快速作出反應,其規模和老練程度與最高的國際水準不相上下。

   中國軍隊的反應令許多西方分析家感到意外。它應對新的緊急情況的訓練、裝備和靈活性都有驚人的進步。

 中國的行動還表明了其市場、銀行係統和企業管理的成熟程度。

 

http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-05/29/content_8275386.htm

 

 

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China quake 北川大地震

China quake toll close to 15,000

Nearly 15,000 people died in the devastating earthquake that hit China’s Sichuan province, the official Xinhua news agency has reported.

More than 25,000 are still trapped in the rubble two days after the 7.9 quake struck, flattening homes, schools and entire villages and cutting roads.

Soldiers have begun to reach the isolated epicentre by helicopter and on foot, bringing much needed supplies.

The government has meanwhile downplayed fears about the stability of a dam.

State media had earlier reported that soldiers were working to plug cracks in the Zipingpu Dam near the hard-hit city of Dujiangyan, which they described as “extremely dangerous”.

But late on Wednesday, a manager of the Zipingpu Development Company said there was no risk of collapse, according to Xinhua state news agency.

New footage of when earthquake struck, filmed by motorcyclist in Chengdu

No damage has been reported to the massive Three Gorges Dam, also in Sichuan province, but there were concerns about dozens of smaller dams closer to the epicentre.

Sichuan’s Vice-Governor Li Chengyun said incomplete figures suggested 14,463 people were dead, another 14,051 were missing, 25,788 were buried in the debris and 64,746 had been injured, Xinhua reports.

map

Officials reached the town of Yingxiu, in Wenchuan County, to find the devastation was worse than expected – out of the town’s population of 10,000, only 2,300 have been found alive.

The head of a police unit sent into the disaster zone said the losses had been severe.

“Some towns basically have no houses left,” Wang Yi, told Sichuan Online news site. “They have all been razed to the ground.”

The BBC’s Michael Bristow says there are collapsed buildings all along the road to the nearby city of Beichuan.

“We are all Chinese people – we’ve got to help”
Du Yingbi

Stadiums have been put to use to house the displaced.

Meteorologists are forecasting a small break in the poor weather that has hampered aid efforts.

Helicopters have now been able to fly into the quake zone to take food, drinking water and medicine to Yingxiu – one of the towns in the mountainous area where the quake was centred.

But the weather remains cloudy and more rain is expected at the end of the week, said the National Meteorological Centre.

Slow effort

China’s Prime Minister Wen Jiabao has flown to the epicentre to see relief work, having met survivors elsewhere.

RECENT CHINA QUAKES
March, 2008: 7.2 quake in Xinjiang – damage limited
February 2003: 6.8 quake in Xinjiang – at least 94 dead, 200 hurt
January 1998: 6.2 quake in rural Hebei – at least 47 dead, 2,000 hurt
April 1997: 6.6 quake hits Xinjiang – 9 dead, 60 hurt
January 1997: 6.4 quake in Xinjiang – 50 dead, 40 hurt

The government has despatched tens of thousands of soldiers to the region to dig any remaining survivors out of the rubble and bring food, medicine and drinking water to the survivors.

Roads in the mountainous area have been badly damaged by the earthquake or have been covered by landslides.

Many soldiers and rescue workers have been making their way to cut off areas by foot. Others have parachuted in or have arrived by helicopter.

Workers are digging through the rubble of collapsed buildings with their bare hands.

Rescue workers now say hope is beginning to run out for more than 1,000 people thought to be trapped in a collapsed school building in Juyuan township, near Dujiangyan.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7400252.stm

 

北川大地震搜救目擊:救援者隨時面臨新地震
2008-05-14 新華網

新華網北川縣(四川)5月13日電 (記者劉大江 馮昌勇 黃□) 位于四川省北部山區的北川縣,被稱為“大禹故里”,在5月12日下午一場突然降臨的罕見大地震中,被夷為平地,城區1萬余人,僅4000多人脫險,其余人員或死亡或下落不明。

由解放軍、武警、民兵、當地和外地幹部群眾、社會自願者組成的強大救援隊伍,像一道溫暖燦爛的陽光,照耀在這一重災區的上空。

四川省北川縣,被部分學者論証為“大禹故里”。這座以悠久歷史榮耀千古的繁華縣城,天降劫難,在歷史上罕見的7.8級汶川大地震中,由于背靠震中汶川縣首當其衝,成為此次大地震的重災區。

13日凌晨4時許,記者在連夜趕赴四川北川縣地震重災區途中,距北川縣城10余公里處突遇余震,山體垮塌阻塞道路,被迫停頓。經過千辛萬苦,天剛放亮6時許,記者終于抵達距縣城2公里處的任家坪收費站,附近北川縣第一中學地震後的慘狀不忍目睹。

該校老師劉寧心有余悸地告訴記者,這是老校區,共有學生2600多人,至今還有1000名左右學生被壓在廢墟下,其中大部分能聽見哭聲和喊聲。一學生母親楊春蓉,見到記者已泣不成聲:“上午8點多,我喊我女兒的名字,被壓在廢墟下面的同學大聲說,她還活著,只是腿受傷了。但現在兩個多小時過去了,生死不明!”附近村民說,昨天和今天早上,被壓在廢墟下面的學生還能喊話,但現在已經氣息奄奄。

從任家坪收費站到縣城,只有2公里,經過1個多小時的艱難跋涉,記者13日上午9時終于抵達北川縣城。

雨越下越大,最後變成滂沱大雨。雨霧蒸騰中,居民們扶老攜幼往任家坪方向撤離。北川縣城一片死寂,大部分房屋垮塌形成巨大的水泥瓦礫場。沿著已經辨認不出來的縣城主幹道前行,一些商鋪門敞開著,殘存的房體內還挂著花花綠綠的商品。經過一處房屋垮塌處,如果你仔細傾聽,還能聽見從巨大的水泥石塊下面傳出來微弱的呼救聲或呻吟聲。

父母們在劫難中舍身護子的事跡,令人感動。在女人街服裝一條街後面的居民住宅廢墟下面,不時傳來小孩的哭聲。透過斷壁殘垣的縫隙,記者看見一名二三歲的孩子睜著黑亮的眼睛嚎哭,將他摟在懷里小心保護、自己的身軀卻被沉重堅硬的水泥石塊死死壓住的,是兩個成年男女。參與救援的武警戰士告訴記者,他們是孩子的父母,已經死去多時。

從任家坪收費站到縣城,原本的盤山公路已經變成生死懸于一線的“懸崖鳥道”。

記者看到,水泥公路表面,到處是被山上滾滑下來的巨石砸出的大坑,有的路段幹脆被掀得來個“底朝天”,形成巨大的凹凸。公路表面基本上被巨大的山石占據,有的巨石比一間房屋還大,居高臨下地踞在你的頭頂上方,隨時都有滾下來的危險。

最艱難的一段路大概有300米長,無數個隨山體坍塌滾下來的巨大石頭,將公路截斷。翻過這座“巨石陣”,是對人的體力和膽量的極大考驗,因為翻越時站在巨石之巔,你會感覺到自己頭頂上方的松垮山體隨時都有可能“發怒”。

前行1公里左右,盤山公路被右邊半座坍塌的山體徹底阻隔。而北川縣城則在山的前下方隱隱約約。下行到縣城唯一的辦法,就是穿越眼前500米高、與地面幾乎成直角的懸崖。

這大概是世界上材質最獨特的一條路。記者現場看到,在很難站得住人的懸崖上,幾十名身穿迷彩服的救援隊員腳靠腳,有的憑借懸崖上稀疏的植物作為固定點,用血肉之軀組成一道人牆,救護著逃生居民離開縣城。

不少受傷居民躺在擔架上,被救援隊員抬著在懸崖上向上攀援。一名小女孩剛剛從廢墟里被“掏”出來,生命垂危,必須馬上送往外地醫院。八名身強力壯的救援隊員抬著她,吃力地在懸崖上行進。由于雨下得較大,懸崖上的泥巴越來越軟,也越來越滑。

一名救援隊員事後告訴記者,當時這名體重只有60來斤的小女孩,在他們肩膀上感覺猶如“泰山壓頂”。“雄起!雄起!”大家一起吼著這句表達“加油”意思的著名四川方言。“當時渾身被雨淋得精濕,又累又冷,但想著救命要緊,就堅持下來了。”他說。記者看見,不少救援隊員手被磨破,鮮血淋漓。

在“亂石陣”,救援隊員們溫暖堅實的雙手,成為逃生百姓最大的慰藉。

參與救援的解放軍某部中尉連長吳元生告訴記者,從昨晚至今,在隊員們用血肉之軀築成的“生命通道”上,近3000名居民得以安全撤離。

在現代交通意義上,遭受大地震重創的北川縣城“與世隔絕”,滿目瘡痍和廢墟,到處是被沉重堅硬的水泥瓦礫禁錮的人們的呻吟和呼救。由于交通完全阻斷,沒有吊車、沒有挖掘機……嚴重匱乏大型救援機械工具,成為救援隊伍最為頭疼的難題。由于余震不斷,加之天下大雨,形勢隨時可能繼續惡化。

不能再等!這是一場與死神進行的賽跑,如果輸了,輸掉的將是難以計數的鮮活生命。

救援隊員豁出來了。要用血肉之軀加上鐵鍬、鋼鐱,與沉重冰冷的水泥瓦礫展開原始的“肉搏戰”!

在縣城“唐氏五金文具批發部”前面的廢墟上,來自武警部隊的救援隊員,正用鋼鐱一點一點地打掉面前的水泥巨塊。展現在記者眼前的,是令人揪心的一幕:一條穿著男式皮鞋的腿已經露出來,但腿部以上部分卻被水泥塊死死壓在下面。一名戰士告訴記者,這個人還活著,照我們這個進度,還要2個小時就可以把他解救出來。

在這場異常艱難的原始“肉搏戰”中,救援隊員的雙手經常被巨大水泥石塊的反擊力震得鮮血淋漓。但更危險的是,縣城隨時面臨新的地震,一名隊員說:“如果發生新的地震,這里參與救援的人將非常危險。”

http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/9/1/1/734000/1.html

 

 

 

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Triumphant Boris

Triumphant Boris is sworn in as mayor – and makes sweeping pledges on crime, housing and the congestion charge

Last updated at 16:10pm on 3rd May 2008

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Boris Johnson was officially sworn in as London mayor at City Hall this afternoon.

 

He was elected last night, capping a catastrophic day for Labour in the local elections and leaving Gordon Brown facing a desperate fight for survival.

The Old Etonian handed David Cameron a stunning political triumph by ousting veteran mayor Ken Livingstone.

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The new mayor of London delivers his acceptance speech today at City Hall

Pledge: the new mayor has promised to build on Red Ken’s ‘outstanding’ achievements

Mr Johnson won with 1,168,738 first and second preference votes, compared with Mr Livingstone’s 1,028,966 on a record turnout.

As he arrived on stage the new mayor did not disappoint by stumbling in true Boris-gaffe style as he began his acceptance speech.

Mr Johnson today pledged to “lead the fightback” against violent crime in the capital as he signed the declaration of acceptance of his new role.

 

Mr Johnson, who defeated Labour’s Ken Livingstone by six points last night to become mayor, said that the number one issue facing London was the “tragically self-destructive” behaviour of some of its young children.

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Boris Johnson is sworn in as London mayor during a formal ceremony at City Hall today

He also pledged to make good on campaign promises to build affordable homes, protect gardens against development, improve bus services and crack down on minor crime on public transport.

 

The formal signing ceremony at City Hall came just hours after a 15-year-old boy was found stabbed to death in a stairwell in south London – the latest victim of a wave of knife-crime among young people in the capital.

Describing the boy’s death as “tragic”, Mr Johnson said: “I think this problem of kids growing up without boundaries and getting lost in tragic and self-destructive choices is the number one issue we face in this city.

“It is the job of me as Mayor to lead the fightback against it and that is what I want to do and I hope you will all join me in doing it.”

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Ready for action: Boris heads off to City Hall this morning

Without giving full details of his intentions, Mr Johnson said he would “reform and improve” the congestion charge on drivers entering central London, including by making it possible for motorists to pay their charge on account at the end of the month.

 

 

He said he would hold discussions shortly on how to clamp down on disorder on buses and trains, which he said was the single policy which most clearly resonated with the public during his election campaign.

 

 

“We are going to double the size of the safer transport teams to get people the sense of safety and security on the buses that they deserve,” he said.

 

 

“I think there is a vital necessity to drive out so-called minor crime and disorder as a way of driving out more serious crime.”

 

 

Mr Johnson was attacked during the mayoral campaign as a divisive figure who would be unable to represent London’s large ethnic minority population.

 

 

But he insisted that he wants to be a unifying figure, bringing representatives of all the city’s diverse communities into his administration.

 

 

He said: “I want, insofar as it is possible, to work with everybody from across all communities in London.

 

“It is vital for a Mayor of London to bring people together and to unite London and to serve every community in London impartially and to make sure we have in my administration representatives of all communities, which is what we will have.”

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Thumbs up: Boris celebrates his victory last night

The election of London’s first Conservative Mayor is expected to lead to a turnover of senior advisers at City Hall, and Mr Johnson said he would name some of his key aides over the next few days.

Saying that he wanted the Greater London Authority to concentrate on value for money, he left little doubt that he will slim down the staff he inherits from Mr Livingstone.

And he warned that he would have little patience with anyone who begrudged the change of power at City Hall: “If there are any dogs in the manger, I will have those dogs humanely euthanased.”

Repeating his praise for Mr Livingstone’s achievements, Mr Johnson made clear he did not intend to lead a partisan administration following his relatively narrow victory by a margin of 53 per cent to 47 per cent.

He said: “I want to build on the achievements of the last administration and I want us to put aside any personal rancour or ideological disputes.

“Let’s all put them aside and work together and build on the very considerable achievements of the last Mayor of London and make sure we create a London that is greater still.”

Mr Johnson does not formally receive the seals of office from Mr Livingstone until midnight tomorrow, and he joked that this would give the outgoing administration time to cover up anything it wanted to keep under wraps.

“Until that time, I imagine there are shredding machines quietly puffing and panting away in various parts of the building, and quite right too,” he quipped.

“Heaven knows what we shall uncover in the course of the next few days.”

True to his bumbling image, Mr Johnson was rarely far from a pratfall during his speech, several times raising laughter from his audience.

He had to ask what the date was before signing the acceptance document, muddled up the name of the architect responsible for City Hall’s distinctive design and momentarily avoided saying he wanted to give voters “more bang for their buck”, before changing his mind and saying it anyway.

After his speech, Mr Johnson went into private talks with Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair and Transport Commissioner Peter Hendy.

Ron Dobson, the commissioner of the London Fire Brigade, was also at the private meeting which discussed the role of Police Community Support Officers in the city and the issue of bus passes for children.

Earlier Mr Johnson was received with a standing ovation as he arrived to sign the declaration of acceptance.

Around 400 supporters turned out to witness the formal signing ceremony at City Hall and see Mr Johnson deliver his first speech as mayor.

As he entered the room they cheered and chanted his name and then applauded him throughout his speech.

Before his arrival at City Hall crowds of supporters – and curious tourists – had gathered outside, some waiting all morning to catch a glimpse of the city’s new mayor.

Chris Jordan, 40, from Vauxhall, south London said she had waited many years to see Mr Johnson become mayor and had stayed up to see the results.

Ms Jordan said: “I’m delighted, I couldn’t be more pleased.”

Asked why she thought Mr Johnson would make a good mayor, she said: “He is very charismatic and highly intelligent as well as funny. I think there’s a lot more to Boris than people realise, but they will soon see.”

Prime Minister Gordon Brown will tomorrow subject himself to a grilling in a set of TV interviews in an effort to kickstart Labour’s fightback following its woeful performance in London and local elections.

The party’s 24 per cent projected share of the vote on Thursday thrust it into third place behind the Liberal Democrats and would cost as many as 200 seats if repeated at a general election.

Labour MPs have already given notice that Mr Brown must step up his performance, with one backbencher saying he had just six months to get a grip on events.

Mr Brown is thought to have decided against a swift Cabinet reshuffle in response to the bloodbath at the polls, but the pressure is on him to start turning the situation around before the May 22 by-election in Crewe & Nantwich, which would be vulnerable to the kind of swings seen over the past 24 hours.

Backbench critics today called on the PM to drop his plans for 42-day pre-charge detention for terror suspects, which they fear will cause another damaging row when it returns to the Commons in June.

David Winnick, who led a successful rebellion against Tony Blair’s plans for 90-day detention, said that the “divisive” proposals were “the last thing Labour needs” after its drubbing at the polls.

Justice Secretary Jack Straw insisted that Labour can still go on to win a historic fourth term in Government, but appeared to indicate that Mr Brown would now be forced to wait until the last minute in 2010 to go to the country.

“I am very clear that the situation in two years’ time will be different from where we are today,” Mr Straw told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme.

“There are plenty of Governments that lost the degree of vote that we lost in London and then went on to win a General Election after that.

“When you come to a General Election what people are doing is applying themselves directly to who should form the next Government and I think the choices will be very different from what has unquestionably been partly a protest vote in the mid-term.”

Mr Straw said that voters had wanted to “punish” Mr Brown – before hurriedly correcting himself to say “punish us” – for the scrapping of the 10p tax rate.

“They wanted to punish him – or punish us – in respect of the 10p,” he said.

Mr Straw warned that the Government must make “fewer mistakes”, but at the same time he stressed that it should not allow itself to be blown off course.

“What we have to do is actually maintain the strategy that we have followed because it is a strategy that has produced much more effective management as a whole over the last 11 years,” he said.

Minister for London Tessa Jowell, who led Labour’s campaign in the capital, told Sky News: “The voters have delivered the strongest possible message to us.

“They have shown us a pretty tough yellow card, and it is our job now to respond to that.”

Overall, Labour lost more than 300 council seats in this week’s elections, while the Conservatives made gains across the country from Southampton in the South, through the Vale of Glamorgan in Wales, to Bury in the North West.

Mr Johnson claimed that Mr Brown had now become a liability for Labour and that they would be better off with Foreign Secretary David Miliband as leader.

“The smart thing for Labour to do would be quietly to remove Gordon Brown and install Miliband, is my view, but I don’t think they’ll do it,” he told Today.

 

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=563744&in_page_id=1770&ct=5

 

 

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山東火車相撞事故調查

山東火車相撞事故調查:三次機會本可避免慘禍
2008-05-01 南方周末

作者:南方周末綜合報道 柴會群 丁補之

一段啟用一個半月的臨時鐵路,因種種原因被修成S形。行經此段的列車限速一月內竟數次更改,事發前數天內濟南鐵路局曾發文限速,又迅速取消限速。潛伏巨大危險的臨時鐵路,兒戲般的調度管理,層層的疏忽與失職,最終導致了中國鐵路史上最重大慘禍之一的發生。

4月28日凌晨4時48分,山東膠濟鐵路王村段,時速131公里/小時的北京─青島T195次列車,第9至17號車廂突然脫軌,侵入了並行的另一條鐵軌,和正常運行的對開5034次列車相撞,致使71人死亡,416人受傷。

現已証實,事發線路是一條呈“S”形的臨時線路,而超速被認為是這起事故的直接原因。但業內人士質疑,在已經基本實現自動控制的特快列車身上,為什麼發生“超速”行駛這樣頗為低級的錯誤?

種種不易理解的現象背後,究竟隱含著什麼樣的疑團?它們與此次事故究竟有無關系?

三次機會未能抓住

新華社報道稱,國家安監總局局長王君說,從初步掌握的情況看,事發列車嚴重超速,在限速每小時80公里的路段,實際時速達到每小時131公里,“4‧28”膠濟鐵路特大交通事故是一起典型的責任事故。

王君說,這充分暴露了一些鐵路運營企業安全生產認識不到位、領導不到位、責任不到位、隱患排查治理不到位和監督管理不到位的嚴重問題;反映了基層安全意識薄弱,現場管理存在嚴重漏洞。

問題在于,列車本應被限制80公里/小時,何以跑出131公里/小時的速度?人們通常易理解為列車司機的疏漏所致,然而調查証明背後原因極為複雜,在眾多應負責任的環節中,司機因素或為最不重要的一環。

據新華社報道,事故調查組公布,濟南鐵路局在事件中暴露出了兩點突出問題:一是用文件代替限速調度命令,二是漏發臨時限速命令。該局局長和黨組書記被就地免職。

和上述寥寥兩句的結論不同,4月29日,鐵道部一份內部通報,詳細羅列了事實經過,並點出了相關責任各方。從通報中或可以看出,本有至少三次機會避免災禍發生,然而,相關人員的失職,卻使得機會一次次錯失。

4月28日事故發生之日,恰恰為膠濟鐵路線因施工調整列車運行圖的第一天。新華社報道稱,4月23日,濟南局印發154號文件《關于實行膠濟線施工調整列車運行圖的通知》,定于4天後的4月28日0時開始執行。這份文件要求事故發生地段限速80公里/小時。

不過,4月29日新華社“新華視點”報道稱:濟南局如此重要的文件,只是在局網上發布,對外局及相關單位以普通信件的方式傳遞,而且把北京機務段作為了抄送單位。新任濟南鐵路局局長耿志修29日坦承,“濟南局對施工文件、調度命令管理混亂,用文件代替臨時限速命令極不嚴肅。”

據了解,在鐵路運行中,惟一對車速起到決定性作用的是調度命令。也就是說,即便是沒有收到154號文,只要濟南鐵路局及時發布限速調度命令,悲劇仍可避免。

通常的做法是,濟南鐵路局發出限速調度命令,T195所屬的北京機務段接到後,會將相關限速數據納入IC卡片,然後插入列車上的“黑匣子”(列車運行監控記錄裝置)。這樣便會由列車自動控速,若司機因為疏忽等原因未執行限速命令,列車將會自動制動減速或停車。

然而,新華社報道透露,在154號文下發三天之後,即4月26日,濟南局卻又發布4158號調度命令,要求取消多處限速,其中正包括王村至周村東間便線(事故發生地)的限速命令。

“文件傳遞及調度命令傳遞混亂,給事故發生埋下了極大隱患。危險步步緊逼,但錯誤仍在繼續……”新華社“新華視點”報道中如此感嘆。

濟南局何以出爾反爾,在發文限速之後又以調度命令形式取消限速,目前尚不得而知,不過據鐵道部鐵道科學研究院一位專家分析,其中原因可能在于,膠濟線在多處施工的同時,還要力圖保証列車的正常運營。

“總運行時間是相對固定的,在某些地方限速,必定意味著需要在另一些地方提速。”這位專家說。

據悉,T195行至王村出事路段時,時間為4時38分,而按調整後的運行圖,4時19分就應該到王村下面的淄博站了。也就是說,要想保証大致正常時間抵達青島,火車必須提速,只不過是在哪提速的問題。

4月28日午夜1時多,機會再次來臨。路過王村的2245次列車發現,現場臨時限速標志(80)和運行監控器數據(不限)不符,隨即向濟南局反映。後者在4時2分補發出4444號調度命令:在k293+780至k290+784之間,限速80公里/小時。

按照常規,此調度命令通知到鐵路站點,然後由值班人員用無線對講機通知司機。兩者的通話會被錄音,並記入列車“黑匣子”。

但致命的是,據新華社報道透露,這個序列為4444號的命令,卻被車站值班人員漏發。而王村站值班員對最新臨時限速命令未與T195次司機進行確認,也未認真執行車機聯控。T195次列車司機最終沒有收到這條救命令。

此時只剩下最後一條防線:依靠T195司機的肉眼觀察發現80公里/小時限速牌,然後對列車限速。但事實証明,最後的救命稻草是如此脆弱。凌晨四點半正值司機最為疲憊之時,他顯然沒有注意到一閃而過的限速牌。

根據“新華視點”報道,“機車乘務員沒有認真瞭望,失去了防止事故發生的最後時機”。

就這樣,眾多機會均被不可思議地一一錯失,最終晚點的T195次列車如同一匹脫韁的烈馬,飆出了131公里/小時的速度,迅速傾覆。

頗令人不解的是,事故發生後,臨時線路處的限速指示牌由“80”字樣改為了“45”。

列車司機眼中的行車安全

楊丙潞:從“罪人”到“英雄”

1971年至2008年火車重大事故

 

 

http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/230/3/1/720237/1.html

 

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